Our July 2012 What’s New in the Patient Safety World column “A Culture of Disrespect” summarized what Lucian Leape considers to be the number one problem in patient safety today: we have a culture of disrespect. Leape noted that the problem is not just that of the obvious disruptive physician who yells at people, throws things, etc. Rather, there are much more subtle behaviors that are equally disrespectful and all are threats to teamwork and patient safety.
Now researchers in Israel have done a very clever randomized controlled trial in a simulated environment that demonstrates the negative impact of rudeness on diagnostic and procedural performance (Riskin 2015). They recruited participants from 24 NICU teams at 4 hospitals in Israel and told them they would participate in a recorded simulation involving a premature infant with necrotizing enterocolitis and would be observed throughout the simulation by an expert from the US. Half were allocated to a “rude” observer and the other half to a “neutral” observer. The “rude” observer began with a comment to the effect “…I can’t say that I’m impressed with the quality of medicine in Israel” and later added other unflattering comments. A team of NICU personnel, blinded to the group allocation, then reviewed the recorded simulations and the written documentation (diagnoses, orders). Nine items each were used for evaluating diagnostic performance and procedural performance, and single items for information-sharing and help-seeking.
Rudeness negatively affected both the overall diagnostic and procedural performance and most of the individual items for each. Using multifactorial testing they found that rudeness, by itself, was responsible for about 12% of the variation in medical performance. Rudeness was also negatively associated with information-sharing and help-seeking. Information-sharing was associated with diagnostic performance but not procedural performance. On the other hand, help-seeking was associated with procedural performance but not diagnostic performance.
The authors discuss previous research showing that rudeness can interfere at the individual level with working memory. But the current study makes it clear that rudeness has a negative impact on collaborative processes. They also note that the rudeness in this scenario came from an “outside” source and speculate whether the negative impact might be even greater if the rudeness came from a medical colleague, or was directed at a specific target, or if the intensity, length or frequency were greater.
This is a very enlightening study and confirms what we and others have always observed about the importance of civility in improving a culture of safety and positively impacting outcomes. It really validates Leape’s postulate that even “mild” forms of incivility and disrespect have a detrimental impact on patient care.
But what about more severe forms of incivility? Another new study, this one from Australia and New Zealand (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons 2015), demonstrates that bullying and harassment is common among surgeons and has a detrimental impact on patients. The Expert Advisory Group used a combination of surveys and qualitative methods (personal accounts) to address the issues. Key findings were:
Especially troubling is that there were some surgeons who did not believe that these problems exist. The researchers also acknowledge an important gap – they were not able to assess the views of those who had withdrawn from surgical training. Several themes emerged. There was strong sense that “known bullies are untouchable” and consensus that the worst offenders were a few people who wielded power. That accountability was not connected to behavior led to a perception of poor performance management in the workplace. Bullying was seen as intergenerational, with surgeons modelling their behavior on bad behaviors from previous generations. Especially significant was that bullying was part of a “toxic culture” in that it often affected whole surgical or workplace teams or units rather than being limited to individual surgeons. Hierarchical issues were critical and bystanders were often silent. Fear of reprisal or concern about positions were prominent.
They also found that gender inequity and lack of cultural diversity were both causes and effects of the culture.
Many senior and supervising surgeons were felt to lack interpersonal skills and to not value “soft” clinical skills such as team leadership. They often felt that not being critical is also “soft”. In particular, they often seem to be in a conflict between being “a strong leader” and the expectations of collaboration and teamwork.
A major problem identified was fear of speaking up about the issues. Fear of reprisal, fear that those who speak up will be seen as “weak” or unsuitable for surgery, fear of career “suicide”, lack of trust in the people who would handle complaints, and feeling that there will be a lack of consequences for perpetrators were all identified as barriers to speaking up.
The report goes on to make several recommendations to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons regarding cultural change and leadership, surgical education, and handling of complaints.
While the above study was specific to surgery in Australia and New Zealand, we have little doubt that a similar study in most countries would have similar findings. Our March 29, 2011 Patient Safety Tip of the Week “The Silent Treatment: A Dose of Reality” included many examples of failure to speak up, with similar barriers.
In an attempt to
identify and improve behaviors that threaten team performance and patient
safety a recent study (Nurudeen
2015) did “360 degree” evaluations of surgeons at 8 academically affiliated
hospitals with a common Code of Excellence. Three hundred and eighty-five
surgeons in a variety of specialties underwent 360-degree evaluations, with a
median of 29 reviewers each. Beginning 6 months after evaluation, surgeons,
department heads, and reviewers completed follow-up surveys evaluating accuracy
of feedback, willingness to participate in repeat evaluations, and behavior
change. They found that surgeons and department heads generally felt the
feedback was accurate. 60% of the surgeons responding reported making changes
to their practice based on the feedback. 70% of the reviewers thought the
evaluation process was valuable though only 32% reported perceiving behavior
change in the surgeons.
Forms of disrespect come from a variety of sources in healthcare. The most common ones arise from the hierarchical structure that still pervades our healthcare systems. But “horizontal” or “lateral” violence/bullying/harassment is also significant and nursing is a primary occupation at risk. This refers to harmful behavior demonstrated in the workplace by one employee to another who is in either an equal or lesser position. An excellent and well-referenced overview of lateral violence in nursing was done by Christie and Jones (Christie 2014). They note that lateral violence is most often directed at new nursing graduates, nurses new to the organization, and night shift nurses. While the behaviors may be overt, they are more likely “masked and subtle” and may be escalated even to the point that they become a “normal” part of culture on the unit. Victims suffer stress, sleep disturbances, negative self images, anxiety, physical disturbances and even suicidal behaviors. Ultimately they have low job satisfaction and may leave employment or even leave the nursing profession. It can lead to poor patient care and it can also become very costly for an organization due to absenteeism and increased staff turnover. Therefore, it needs to be recognized early and nipped in the bud. Approaches for organizations and individuals are discussed in the Christie article and another by Becher and Visovsky (Becher 2012).
The American Nurses
Association has recently released a new position statement on incivility,
bullying and workplace violence (American
Nurses Association 2015), essentially calling for zero tolerance of these
behaviors. That document is very well referenced and has links to a variety of
useful tools. It emphasizes that incivility and bullying may not only include
actions taken but also actions not taken. It emphasizes the negative impact
that incivility and bullying can have not only on target individuals but the
whole organization, including patients and bystanders. Adverse effects may be
physical, psychological, financial and social. It notes that incivility may
include rudeness, gossiping, spreading rumors,
refusing to assist a coworker, name calling, condescension, public criticism,
and other actions. It also specifically warns about email and social media as
vehicles for incivility and bullying. Bullying is defined as repeated
unwanted actions intended to humiliate, offend, or cause distress in the target
individual. It also describes workplace “mobbing” as a collective form
of bullying (it even notes that sometimes the target of “mobbing” is actually
an exceptional employee). It also has strong sections on workplace violence,
which we’ll save for a future column.
The ANA position
statement goes on to outline the responsibilities of nurses and employers to
establish a culture of respect, identify and track instances of incivility,
bullying and workplace violence, and use evidence-based strategies to deal with
the issues. For primary prevention all must be cognizant of their own actions
taken and not taken and communication with others. RN’s need to participate in
development of relevant policies and procedures for dealing with these undesirable
behaviors. One specific recommendation is that RN’s should establish an
agreed-upon code word or signal to seek support when feeling threatened.
The document provides examples of actions that promote respect and professional
demeanor.
Employers must
ensure that employees have the opportunity to participate in development of
relevant policies and procedures and must share the organization’s commitment
along with those policies and procedures with everyone in the organization.
Employers must have a zero-tolerance policy regarding incivility and bullying and
procedures that include reporting mechanisms, policies preventing retaliation,
investigation protocols, use of neutral third parties, and ways of providing
support, conflict resolution, and education.
The ANA document
further describes steps and actions that a targeted individual should take when
bullying or threatening behavior occurs and the roles witnesses must take.
And other sources of rudeness, incivility or disrespect may include hospital administration, patients and families, news media, and others. The Riskin study suggests that rudeness or other forms of disrespect may likely impact patient care regardless of source. It’s therefore incumbent upon all of use to identify not just the overtly disruptive workers in healthcare but also those perpetrating the more subtle forms of disrespect and incivility.
Some of our prior columns on the impact of “bad behavior” of healthcare workers:
January 2011 “No
Improvement in Patient Safety: Why Not?”
March 29, 2011 “The Silent Treatment: A Dose of Reality”
July 2012 “A Culture of Disrespect”
July 2013 “"Bad
Apples" Back In?”
July 7, 2015 “Medical
Staff Risk Issues”
References:
Riskin A, Erez A, Foulk TA, et al. The Impact of Rudeness on Medical Team Performance: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2015; 136: 487-495
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/3/487.abstract
Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Expert Advisory Group on discrimination, bullying and sexual harassment. Report to RACS: DRAFT. 8 Setptember 2015
https://www.surgeons.org/media/22045685/EAG-Report-to-RACS-Draft-08-Sept-2015.pdf
Nurudeen SM, Kwakye G,
Berry WR, et al. Can 360-Degree Reviews Help Surgeons? Evaluation of
Multisource Feedback for Surgeons in a Multi-Institutional Quality
Improvement Project. J Amer Coll
Surg 2015; 221(4): 837-844 Published online: July 22
2015
http://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515%2815%2900455-X/abstract
Christie W, Jones S. Lateral Violence in Nursing and the Theory of the Nurse as Wounded Healer. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 2014; 19(1)
Becher J, Visovsky C. Horizontal Violence in Nursing. MedSurg Nursing 2012; 21(4): 210-213, 232
American Nurses
Association. Incivility, Bullying, and Workplace Violence. New Position
Statement. Effective Date: July 22, 2015
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