The FDA (FDA 2018)
has announced it is requiring safety
labeling changes for prescription cough and cold medicines containing codeine
or hydrocodone to limit the use of these products to adults 18 years and older
because the risks of these medicines outweigh their benefits in children
younger than 18. The FDA safety announcement includes a list of cough
and cold medications containing codeine or hydrocodone.
The FDA recommends
health care professionals reassure parents that cough due to a cold
or upper respiratory
infection is self-limited and generally does not need to be treated. For those
children in whom cough treatment is necessary, it notes that alternative
medicines are available, including over-the-counter (OTC) products such as
dextromethorphan, as well as prescription benzonatate products.
Our previous 7 columns on the dangers of codeine in children discussed the multiple prior safety alerts from the FDA (FDA 2012, FDA 2013, FDA 2015, FDA 2017). These columns described cases of death and serious adverse effects in children treated with codeine following adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea. The problem originally noted for codeine was that there are genetic variations that cause some people to be “ultra-rapid metabolizers” of codeine, which leads to higher concentrations of morphine in the blood earlier.
In our January 2016 What's New in the Patient Safety World column “FDA Gets Even Tougher on Codeine in Kids” we noted that an advisory committee to the FDA recommended that codeine be contraindicated for pain and cough management in children and adolescents (Firth 2015). They also recommended restricting codeine's over-the-counter availability for this group. Of 29 voting members, 20 voted to contraindicate use of the drug for pain and cough in children younger than 18 years old. Most of the others voted to restrict its use only in younger children. However, the FDA did not take formal action on those recommendations until now.
While the initial warnings focused on avoiding codeine in children who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the dangers apply more globally to children. Perhaps influencing the FDA was the American Academy of Pediatrics in a statement “Codeine: Time to Say ‘No’ ” (Tobias 2016) that we discussed in our October 2016 What's New in the Patient Safety World column “Another Codeine Warning for Children”. That paper reiterated the evidence of adverse effects of codeine in children and their mechanisms. It noted that codeine is still available in over-the-counter cough formulas in 28 states and the District of Columbia without a prescription. The Tobias paper also discussed the pros and cons of alternatives to codeine in the pediatric population, noting that almost all of them also have some potential downsides.
Our May 2014 What's
New in the Patient Safety World column “Pediatric
Codeine Prescriptions in the ER” noted the continued frequent prescription
of codeine-containing products in children despite the previous warnings about
adverse reactions. In our November 2015 What's New in the Patient Safety World
column “FDA
Safety Communication on Tramadol in Children” we noted that education does not seem to have reduced prescription of
codeine-containing products. We therefore advocated incorporating “hard stops”
(alerts requiring acknowledgement of the warnings about codeine or other opioid
in children) into CPOE and e-prescribing systems.
And our May 2017
What's New in the Patient Safety World column “FDA
Finally Restricts Codeine in Kids; Tramadol, Too” discussed the FDA (FDA
2017) issuing its strongest warning, a Contraindication, alerting
that codeine and tramadol should not be used to treat pain in children younger
than 12 years, and codeine should not be used to relieve cough in these
children. And it added a new Contraindication to the tramadol label to
restrict its use in children younger than 18 years to treat pain after a
tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy.
The newest FDA alert
(FDA
2018) pertains to cough and cold
medicines containing codeine or hydrocodone and limits the use of these
products to adults 18 years and older, effectively recommending against use of
these in children of any age.
We hope you will all update the clinical decision support systems on your CPOE or e-prescribing systems to include “hard” stops when an attempt is made to order one of the products listed in the current FDA alert. Those of you who prescribe for children should also become familiar with the list of alternatives for cough and colds in children listed in the most recent FDA alert.
Some of our previous columns on opioid safety issues in children:
References:
FDA (US Food & Drug Administration). FDA requires labeling changes for prescription opioid cough and cold medicines to limit their use to adults 18 years and older. FDA Safety Announcement; January 11, 2018
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM591992.pdf
FDA (US Food & Drug Administration). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women. FDA Safety Announcement 2017; April 20, 2017
FDA. FDA Drug Safety
Communication: Codeine use in certain children after tonsillectomy and/or
adenoidectomy may lead to rare, but life-threatening adverse events or death.
8/15/12
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm313631.htm
FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety review update of codeine use in children; new Boxed Warning and Contraindication on use after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Update February 20, 2013
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm339112.htm
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) Briefing Document: The safety of codeine in children 18 years of age and younger. Joint Pulmonary-Allergy Drugs Advisory Committee and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee Meeting . December 10, 2015
Firth S. FDA Panel Urges Stronger Regulation of Codeine. An FDA advisory committee voted 28-0 to remove the drug from its OTC monograph for cough and cold. MedPage Today 2015; December 11, 2015
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/GeneralPediatrics/55159
Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ, Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Committee on Drugs. Codeine: Time to Say “No”. Pediatrics 2016; Originally published online September 19, 2016
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/09/15/peds.2016-2396
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